The Allure of Gang Activity - 978 Words

Initially gang activity could only be found in large metropolitan cities, but now gangs have invaded neighborhoods of all sizes across the country. Gangs introduce violence and fear to the communities they occupy, raise the level of drug activities, and destroy businesses and property which brings down the overall value of the whole area. Instead of going to school, many young people find themselves drawn in to the gang life which in most cases either leads to being locked up or death. There are various reasons why people would want to join a gang, but no matter what that reason might be one can only expect a life of violence and troubles. As stated in an online article by Youth Today â€Å"according to a 2009 study by the National Youth Gang Center, quality of life issues, such as employment or educational opportunities, were the most significant factors in gang member migration, and not the expansion of existing criminal activity.† (Duda) Most people will associate criminal activities of gangs with the inner-city boundaries because these are the issues that are far from their all green suburban yards, something that could never impact their lives directly, or so they think. â€Å"We don’t associate the suburbs with people being poor or homeless, but it’s one of the fastest growing populations,† says Rebecca Petersen, author of Understanding Contemporary Gangs in America and a Criminal Justice Professor at Kennesaw State University. (Duda) Increases in the cost of living and newShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Columbus, Ohio1288 Words   |  6 Pagesout-of-control gang violence that has claimed countless lives across the city. Gang violence in Columbus, Ohio has shattered the hearts of an incalculable amount of mothers around the city; as well as crippled the dreams of living a flourishing life for many inner city youth. The bloodshed between rival gangs has reached a degree of severity that action must be taken. In order to redu ce and eliminate the gang infestation, it is imperative that the city of Columbus develop and utilize an anti-gang interventionRead MoreThe End Of The American Revolutionary War1595 Words   |  7 Pagesnew immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. However, most organized and violent street gangs did not emerge in America until the beginning of the nineteenth century. As immigration continued street gangs emerged in the United States in four regions during different periods of time. These first gangs were mainly comprised of white immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who came to the United States from the timeRead MoreHispanic Gangs: Not Just a California Problem Anymore1475 Words   |  6 PagesGangs are not a new problem to the United States. Gangs have often been romanticized in literature and the media with a classic example being â€Å"West Side Story†. Americans have long been fascinated with the Mafia, and infamous gangsters such as Al Capone and John Gotti have even been elevated in status as cultural icons. Americans have seen an uprising in â€Å"Gangster Rap† since the early 1990’s. Many people tend to think of gangs in America as being made up primarily of young inner-city black malesRead MoreThe End Of The American Revolutionary War1595 Words   |  7 Pagesnew immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. However, most organized and violent street gangs did not emerge in America until the beginning of the nineteenth century. As immigration continued street gangs emerged in the United States in four regions during different periods of time. These first gangs were mainly comprised of white immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who came to the United States from the timeRead MoreEssay about Film Report On American Me: A Therapeutic Perspective1251 Words   |  6 Pages starring and directed by Edward James Olmos. Released to the national theater circuit in 1992, American Me depicts the life of Rodolfo Cadena, a ranking Carnal (gang member) in the prison gang La Eme, also known as the Mexican Mafia. To therapeutically approach the salience and pervasiveness of gang membership, including its allure and reinforcers, would be a challenging task for any human service practitioner involving accuracy of assessment and effectiveness of treatment. However, endeavoringRead MoreFilm Report on American Me: a Therapeutic Perspective1294 Words   |  6 Pages starring and directed by Edward James Olmos. Rel eased to the national theater circuit in 1992, â€Å"American Me† depicts the life of Rodolfo Cadena, a ranking Carnal (gang member) in the prison gang La Eme, also known as the Mexican Mafia. To therapeutically approach the salience and pervasiveness of gang membership, including its allure and reinforcers, would be a challenging task for any human service practitioner involving accuracy of assessment and effectiveness of treatment. However, endeavoringRead MoreThe Race Problem Of America Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing occupied by blacks and the southwest and northwest being dominated by Hispanics. Chicago’s minority dominated neighborhoods has been plagued with increasing homicide rates, violent crimes, and a growing drug and gang culture. The city has been considered one of America’s most gang infested cities which means that murders and shootings are a common occurrence in everyday life for the residents. The spiraling rise in violence means a greate r concentration of police and law enforcement which instillsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Alphonse Gabriel s Al Capone1262 Words   |  6 PagesItalian settlers. He was viewed as a Five Points Gang part who turned into a bouncer in composed wrongdoing premises, for example, houses of ill-repute. In his mid-twenties, he moved to Chicago and got to be bodyguard and trusted jack of all trades for Johnny Torrio, leader of a criminal syndicate that unlawfully provided liquor—the harbinger of the Outfit—and that was politically ensured through the Unione Siciliana. A contention with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capone s ascent and fallRead MoreThe Nature of Gangs in Brazil and Colombia Essay1939 Words   |  8 Pagesshaped by gang violence; both are gripped by some of the largest, most violent, and institutionalized gangs in the world. In Donna Goldstein’s ethnography of life in a Brazilian shantytown, Laughter Out of Place, the power and prevalence of gang vio lence is apparent. In Colombia, gangs flourish nationwide and have direct consequences on the country’s economic, political, and social structure. Despite existing in entirely different countries, and though they are unlike in some regards, gangs in BrazilRead MoreModern Systemic Inequality1365 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween minimal job opportunities, urban governmental politics, the underfunded school systems, and social disregard creates a concentrated disadvantage for the urban poor. This can create a feeling of hopelessness that leads to drug use, criminal activity, and high rates of incarceration. Public education is meant to be the â€Å"great equalizer† and the cornerstone of the American dream. The best way to provide a good life for your family is to get a good education, use that to maximize your earning

Age Is Just a Number - 1540 Words

Age is just a Number What is age? Does age define who you are? As a nurse in Long term care for fifteen plus years I have learned to look past the number found in the persons chart. I have learned when I as a caregiver look past that number that represents the date the Elder was born; the Elder too tends to look beyond that number and will follow along leading to experiences one might not think Elders of LTC facilities might still accomplish. Here is what Betty has shared with me about her experiences with aging. I have had the privilege to care for Betty for six years. I have traveled with her to Baltimore Md., Albany, NY, and have shared eight weeks of cake decorating classes with her. The magic number inside Betty’s chart today reads†¦show more content†¦retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, volunteer amp; community roles. * To maintain a positive sense of self the person must substi tute new roles for those that are lost because of age. And studies show that the type of activity does matter, just as it does with younger people. I am the type of person that doesn’t take no for answer very easily. I offered Betty some encouragement and told her we could talk about it tomorrow. Betty must of lost sleep that night thinking about what it would mean to travel across the country again. You see Betty and Albert traveled the world together so to take a trip would be a good thing I thought, or would it? To my surprise when I arrived at Betty’s room the next day she practically had her suitcase packed. (The trip was still a month away) I assured her that I would be there the entire way and we would be just fine. The next month went by with Betty going through several emotions about the trip. Physically Betty was in pretty good shape for 83 or at least that was my perception. Betty has beautiful skin, with very few visible wrinkles of time. She hardly looks the age of 83. Betty and I made the trip and a grand time was had. In the days after our return home I started to see a new spark in Betty. Betty now wanted to go out again on those Friday nights to the VFW. 83 suddenlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lowering Drinking Age778 Words   |  4 Pagespeople out there that think that we should lower that age to eight teen. A group of 129 college presidents are actually asking that there at least be a discussion to the argument (Lewis et al, 2008). They think that it would stop all the underage drinking at colleges and would teach kids at an early age how to handle alcohol (Lewis et al, 2008). In my option lowering it would not help all the problems we have with alcohol. I feel that it would just cause more alcohol abuse, but there is some good toRead MoreTeens And Driving : Teen Driving1411 Words   |  6 Pagesrising the legal driving age to 18 can potentially decrease the number of individuals killed in motor vehicle accidents than it can only have a positive outcome. There are many individuals that have received their driver’s license at an older age and are very responsible driv ers. 81,000 lost lives are a massive number of deaths that involve teen driving (Masten, et.al, 2011, pp.1098-1103). While the amount of lives lost are a big factor in the need to change the legal driving age, another figure to takeRead MoreRaising the Legal Driving Age1629 Words   |  7 Pagesand public figures question the ability to drive legally at age 16; in some states even younger. There are many reasons why many individuals question the legal driving age such as how will impact society? If the legal driving age in the United States is raised to 18 will there be a decrease of accidents? In the United States most states allow teenagers to have a learner’s permit and a driver’s license at age 16. Rising the legal driving age would cut down on car accidents and associated damages, cutRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, the legal drinking age is twenty-one. In all fifty states, however, there are exceptions for underaged drinking at home, under adult supervision, or for medical purposes (â€Å"Drinking Age†). Overall, the legal opportunities for any person under twenty-one to legally drink alcohol are very scarce. There are many different points, made by people from both sides of the issue about whether or not to lower the drinking age to eighteen, or leave it where it currently stands at twenty-oneRead MoreEssay about Modern Technology: Are We Too Dependent?1256 Words   |  6 Pagesa major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were of him and his brothers building forts in the woods, going camping for days with neighborhood friends and playing in the woods all day until my grandmother wouldRead MoreDriving Is A Wonderful Privilege And A Pleasure For Many1105 Words   |  5 Pagesget away from nagging parents and siblings, and a way for a kid to have a little responsibility. Even though people think most students who are of age to get a driver’s license would have one, research is showing that the average age a person first gets their license is going up. Regardless of the age when a teenager receives their license, the number of passengers for teen drivers should be limited. New drivers spend many hours on the road with friends. Between working, driving to sporting eventsRead MoreWhat The Everyone ` S A Winner Concept1595 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Let first establish what the everyone`s a winner concept is in the most basic terms. It can be put into simple terms using a example like sports. With the everyone s a winner concept mindset in sports, everyone who shows up gets a reward just for showing up to the game with you gear on. The score and outcome of the game doesn t not matter with this mindset. The winners and the quote on quote losers all get the same treatment as if they won. Everyone gets a trophy in this case. A primeRead MoreReview Of Jiro Dreams Of Sushi 1732 Words   |  7 Pageson older adults in Japan and how their numbers have changed over the years. The film â€Å"Jiro Dreams of Sushi† will also be discussed as an example of one older adult’s experiences of life in Japan. While this film is obviously not everyone’s experience and cannot be generalized to everyone, it is an interesting perspective on this one Japanese man’s life and raises interesting questions of how the viewer wo uld like to see themselves spend their time as they age. In Japan, like many other countriesRead MoreFavors for and Against Lowering the Legal Drinking Age771 Words   |  4 PagesFactors In Favor of and Against Khimley Young Critical Thinking and Problem Solving/ Hum 200 AOS Instructor Dr. Steven Mathews October 24, 2012 Lowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18: Yea or Nay Argument in Favor of Lowering the Legal Drinking Age The age of 18 is a transitional point in life. An 18-year=old can vote, marry, enlist in the military and buy cigarettes. To some it’s absurd that an 18-year-old can vote politicians into office and fight wars for the country but cannotRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be 21 Years Of Age1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe drinking age should be 21 years of age. Underage drinking is a major problem in the world that has claimed many lives. There are multiple ways to die from alcohol: alcohol poisoning, drunk driving, and many other ways. No doubt about it, alcohol just starts trouble. Have you ever wondered what the leading reason for car crashes is? It isn’t texting or any usage of the phone. It is fully driving under the influence. Millions of Americans are pulled over and given a ticket for driving under the

Age Is Just a Number - 1540 Words

Age is just a Number What is age? Does age define who you are? As a nurse in Long term care for fifteen plus years I have learned to look past the number found in the persons chart. I have learned when I as a caregiver look past that number that represents the date the Elder was born; the Elder too tends to look beyond that number and will follow along leading to experiences one might not think Elders of LTC facilities might still accomplish. Here is what Betty has shared with me about her experiences with aging. I have had the privilege to care for Betty for six years. I have traveled with her to Baltimore Md., Albany, NY, and have shared eight weeks of cake decorating classes with her. The magic number inside Betty’s chart today reads†¦show more content†¦retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, volunteer amp; community roles. * To maintain a positive sense of self the person must substi tute new roles for those that are lost because of age. And studies show that the type of activity does matter, just as it does with younger people. I am the type of person that doesn’t take no for answer very easily. I offered Betty some encouragement and told her we could talk about it tomorrow. Betty must of lost sleep that night thinking about what it would mean to travel across the country again. You see Betty and Albert traveled the world together so to take a trip would be a good thing I thought, or would it? To my surprise when I arrived at Betty’s room the next day she practically had her suitcase packed. (The trip was still a month away) I assured her that I would be there the entire way and we would be just fine. The next month went by with Betty going through several emotions about the trip. Physically Betty was in pretty good shape for 83 or at least that was my perception. Betty has beautiful skin, with very few visible wrinkles of time. She hardly looks the age of 83. Betty and I made the trip and a grand time was had. In the days after our return home I started to see a new spark in Betty. Betty now wanted to go out again on those Friday nights to the VFW. 83 suddenlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lowering Drinking Age778 Words   |  4 Pagespeople out there that think that we should lower that age to eight teen. A group of 129 college presidents are actually asking that there at least be a discussion to the argument (Lewis et al, 2008). They think that it would stop all the underage drinking at colleges and would teach kids at an early age how to handle alcohol (Lewis et al, 2008). In my option lowering it would not help all the problems we have with alcohol. I feel that it would just cause more alcohol abuse, but there is some good toRead MoreTeens And Driving : Teen Driving1411 Words   |  6 Pagesrising the legal driving age to 18 can potentially decrease the number of individuals killed in motor vehicle accidents than it can only have a positive outcome. There are many individuals that have received their driver’s license at an older age and are very responsible driv ers. 81,000 lost lives are a massive number of deaths that involve teen driving (Masten, et.al, 2011, pp.1098-1103). While the amount of lives lost are a big factor in the need to change the legal driving age, another figure to takeRead MoreRaising the Legal Driving Age1629 Words   |  7 Pagesand public figures question the ability to drive legally at age 16; in some states even younger. There are many reasons why many individuals question the legal driving age such as how will impact society? If the legal driving age in the United States is raised to 18 will there be a decrease of accidents? In the United States most states allow teenagers to have a learner’s permit and a driver’s license at age 16. Rising the legal driving age would cut down on car accidents and associated damages, cutRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, the legal drinking age is twenty-one. In all fifty states, however, there are exceptions for underaged drinking at home, under adult supervision, or for medical purposes (â€Å"Drinking Age†). Overall, the legal opportunities for any person under twenty-one to legally drink alcohol are very scarce. There are many different points, made by people from both sides of the issue about whether or not to lower the drinking age to eighteen, or leave it where it currently stands at twenty-oneRead MoreEssay about Modern Technology: Are We Too Dependent?1256 Words   |  6 Pagesa major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were of him and his brothers building forts in the woods, going camping for days with neighborhood friends and playing in the woods all day until my grandmother wouldRead MoreDriving Is A Wonderful Privilege And A Pleasure For Many1105 Words   |  5 Pagesget away from nagging parents and siblings, and a way for a kid to have a little responsibility. Even though people think most students who are of age to get a driver’s license would have one, research is showing that the average age a person first gets their license is going up. Regardless of the age when a teenager receives their license, the number of passengers for teen drivers should be limited. New drivers spend many hours on the road with friends. Between working, driving to sporting eventsRead MoreWhat The Everyone ` S A Winner Concept1595 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Let first establish what the everyone`s a winner concept is in the most basic terms. It can be put into simple terms using a example like sports. With the everyone s a winner concept mindset in sports, everyone who shows up gets a reward just for showing up to the game with you gear on. The score and outcome of the game doesn t not matter with this mindset. The winners and the quote on quote losers all get the same treatment as if they won. Everyone gets a trophy in this case. A primeRead MoreReview Of Jiro Dreams Of Sushi 1732 Words   |  7 Pageson older adults in Japan and how their numbers have changed over the years. The film â€Å"Jiro Dreams of Sushi† will also be discussed as an example of one older adult’s experiences of life in Japan. While this film is obviously not everyone’s experience and cannot be generalized to everyone, it is an interesting perspective on this one Japanese man’s life and raises interesting questions of how the viewer wo uld like to see themselves spend their time as they age. In Japan, like many other countriesRead MoreFavors for and Against Lowering the Legal Drinking Age771 Words   |  4 PagesFactors In Favor of and Against Khimley Young Critical Thinking and Problem Solving/ Hum 200 AOS Instructor Dr. Steven Mathews October 24, 2012 Lowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18: Yea or Nay Argument in Favor of Lowering the Legal Drinking Age The age of 18 is a transitional point in life. An 18-year=old can vote, marry, enlist in the military and buy cigarettes. To some it’s absurd that an 18-year-old can vote politicians into office and fight wars for the country but cannotRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be 21 Years Of Age1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe drinking age should be 21 years of age. Underage drinking is a major problem in the world that has claimed many lives. There are multiple ways to die from alcohol: alcohol poisoning, drunk driving, and many other ways. No doubt about it, alcohol just starts trouble. Have you ever wondered what the leading reason for car crashes is? It isn’t texting or any usage of the phone. It is fully driving under the influence. Millions of Americans are pulled over and given a ticket for driving under the

Animal Cruelty Analysis free essay sample

Shawn Brinkley Devry University Animal Cruelty Animal cruelty is something we hear about every day on the television from all the different shows. We think we understand the whole concept in which someone can be like that to an animal. The type of person that treats a animal like an object instead of a living breathing thing on this earth is someone that has certain issues that we all can not truly explain. Animal cruelty; what is animal cruelty? Is it cruelty to animals at any point, or is it just for self-glorification? There are many forms of animal cruelty. Most see animal cruelty as a intentional hatred or violence towards animals in which the animals suffer for no known reason other than possible self-satisfaction or glorification of the individual. While some people only think of animal cruelty in the confines of domestic animals e. g. dogs, cats, and other household pets, it extends far beyond that. Cruelty to animals, also known as animal abuse or animal neglect consists of inflictions of suffering or harm upon animals of the non-human type. Animal abuse can be narrowed down to specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur. The term animal cruelty often arises when opinions differ in respect to the method of slaughter of the animal. Certain cruelty to animals encompasses inflicting harm for personal amusement or to fulfill zoo sadistic impulses, such as inflicting physical harm that can leave the animal disfigured. In looking into animal abuse or animal neglect you may find two different ways to approach the issue. Looking into this further, animal welfare has a position that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research. Although this does mean these things have to be done in a humane way to minimize unnecessary pain and suffering to the animals themselves. Animal theorist have also criticized that these reason can be argued by the words such as unnecessary and Humane being that they are widely differing interpretations. One argument is to insure protection for animals by making them not to be considered as property and never used as commodities as well. The legal side of this is that the law is designed to prevent the needless cruelty to animals, like killing the animals for fun instead of utilizing the animal for food. Specific countries may frown upon certain animals being used as a source of food having instated in the laws that the cruelty of this is something that will be looked over and not enforced. As a country does not enforce their own laws on the cruelty of the animals this leaves the wide variety of cruelty being looked at closely. Many countries jurisdictions vary around the world having enacted statutes for which forbidden cruelty to some animals may vary and in some cases by the use or practices. There are many reasons individuals abuse animals, cruelty to animals covers a wide range of actions or the lack of action. As we learn about the animal abuse in the world we see certain patterns of behavior employed by most abusers. When we look into animal cruelty it is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive cruelty, this is also referred to as commission and omission. Passive cruelty is in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Such examples are when a person does not feed the animal (starvation, dehydration and parasite infestations). Other forms are allowing a collar to grow in the skin of the animal because of over tightening and heavy restraints. Inadequate shelter is another where in by the animal isnt given shelter in extreme weather conditions. Active cruelty is where malicious intent is the driving force behind causing harm to animals. Examples of this are when the animal is hurt in any way for no reason such as, beating a dog so hard that they cant walk for barking, shooting animals for fun instead of game or sport, and throwing a cat off a bridge to see if they can always land on their feet. These examples are active cruelty for the reason of plain enjoyment of the person conducting them. Long before animals became part of the corporate industrial process, the ethics of the animals came first with the husbandry which is the care of the animals. This was the whole interest of the farmers they believed this was a major part in the raising of the animals. Animals were raised on diverse farms that produced crops and several species of animals having access to open pasture and barnyard when weather permits. Husbandry was considered the responsibility of the producers; now that this has all changed the conditions have become considerably worse. â€Å"According to one poll conducted by Oklahoma State University and the American Farm Bureau Federation found that 75% of the public would like to see government mandates for basic animal welfare measures. † (http://www. closeanimalfactories. org/the-issues/animal-cruelty/) Chickens are one of the top leading animals that are miss-treated. Hens sometimes live in a cage that is now bigger than a sheet of paper, causing them to grow into the wires of the cage and slowly dying from dehydration. These kinds of farms breed the birds for only one purpose. Other farms consist of thousands of hens breed just for laying eggs and nothing more. In the United States, an estimated 95% of egg-laying hens are intensively confined in battery cages. †(United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). Inside these cages they keep 5 to 6 birds in, but sometime they go too far and keep up to 10 birds. These cages are simply larger in size, but are made from the same material as the cages the size of a sheet of paper. The number of birds tha t are used like this will astound most Americans. â€Å"As of December 2008, about 300 million birds are confined in battery, almost one for every U. S. citizens. † (USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008). Pigs are another animal that is covered in the animal cruelty world very widely. The pig farms out there have many pigs that are breed just to breed or only live for a few months before they are slaughtered. Pigs have been used for testing on the side for their skin, because they have the closes skin type to humans this brings on the many test. Pig farms have become larger because of the slow push out of the smaller farms. â€Å"Since the factory systems took hold in the late 1960s, more and more pigs have been produced by increasingly larger operations where small pig farms start to disappear. † (National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 002) Pigs are being used like they are machines instead of animals. Certain farms believe that they are just there for one purpose. Some farmers have stated this â€Å"Forget the pig is an animal. Treat him just like a machine in a factory. Schedule treatments like you would lubrication. Breeding season like the first step in a assembly line. And marketi ng like the delivery of finished goods. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Throughout the nation there millions of pigs being used in these farms and live these kinds of live. Pigs in farms today are pumped with antibiotics because of the many different types of disease that are showing up. In the U. S. , antibiotics are added to 90% of starter feeds, 75% of grower feeds and more than half of finishing feeds for pigs† (Keep Antibiotics Working Dec. 2003). The reason behind this because of the pigs being packed in cages that barely fit them. â€Å"Two-thirds of all pigs produced in the United States, or around fifty-three million animals a year, spend their lives in a total confinement pig farm. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Animals being treat as a product is becoming more and more profound. These animals being treated as factories or just machines is something we as a society address on the behalf of the animals themselves. Animals have been around for millions of years and yes we as humans do depend on them for survival, but we need to understand that many animals are being harmed for this. Animals are used for something every day of our lives from being something we eat, something that we cherish, something we make money from. Animals have made a difference in our live even if we don’t know it. The cruelty to animals is becoming an epidemic across the United States from the smaller animals of bird, dog, cats, and exotic animals. The larger animals are becoming the main source of the cruelty from the chickens, up to the elephants in the circuses. Throughout the nation we have organizations that are willing to stand up for the animals and fight for them as well. The Humane society, PETA, and the animal activist out there are willing to step up to the defense of the animals themselves. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) is an organization that believes that animals have rights just as humans. These rights fight for the animals to not be treated in humane in any way that a human would not be treated as well. In conclusion, animal cruelty is a problem not only in our country but throughout the world. Simple reasons may have cause the cruelty and maybe they are caused by malicious intent of a person. Animal cruelty is something that can be addressed and stop throughout the world if we as people are will to step in. The steps needed to stop animal cruelty are slowly taking effect, from the interaction of law into the farms, to the government shutting down the larger production companies. Reference: The Center to Exposed amp; Close Animal Factories 2010 http://www. closeanimalfactories. rg/the-issues/animal-cruelty/ United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines For U. S. Egg Laying Flocks. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Page 1, paragraph 6. USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008). Chickens and Eggs. Retrieved December 16, 2008. page 1. Joe Vansickle, Quality Assurance Program Launched, National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 2002 http:/ /www. animalsuffering. com/resources/facts/factory-farming. php J. Byrnes Raising Pigs by the Calendar at Maplewood Farm Hog Farm Management Sept 1976

International Financial System Essays - Foreign Exchange Market

International Financial System The international financial system has been radically altered since the worldwide depression of the late 1920's and early 1930's. This change is due in large part to the inception of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its subsequent control over the international financial system. In this paper I will examine the extensive role of the Bretton Woods system of exchange rates and the gold standard. Additionally, I will examine the role that the IMF has taken on since the demise of the gold standard. To begin, we must examine the circumstances that surround the creation of the IMF, who the actors are and what each of their roles are as member countries. The IMF was created as a result of the worldwide market collapse that took place initially in October of 1929. The domino effect that took place when the first market crashed was seen to be a situation so severe that world powers felt that drastic measures needed to be taken to ensure that this was the last global financial crisis that the world would face. Its creation in 1944 was the beginning of a new era for the international financial system. The creation of the IMF occurred at Bretton Woods along with the World Bank and the system of fixed exchange rates and the gold standard for currency. Under this system, the US dollar was tied to gold by a United States government commitment to buy it at $35.00 and ounce and sell to central banks at the same price (excluding handling and other charges). Other participating countries maintained the exchange values of their currencies at prices which were almost fixed in terms of the dollar (the values fluctuate normally not more than one percent on either side of their parities), with the result that exchange rates were almost universally fixed. Other governments carried out their commitments by selling internationally acceptable liquid resources when there was an excess demand for foreign currencies in terms of their own currencies, and by buying liquid resources when there was an excess supply. What constituted internationally acceptable resources for this purpose were gold, and other liquid assets denominated in "key" or reserve currencies, principally US dollars or UK pounds sterling. The IMF was to ensure that these standards were being followed as well as being the lender for temporary deficits, and balance of payment problems. Each member country contributed a predefined amount, or quotas, of national currencies and gold. This quota also determines the voting power on the IMF and the amount of resources that they may draw on from the Fund. Designed to foster monetary cooperation, the IMF sought to enforce strict rules of behaviour in a world based on the gold standard and fixed currency-exchange rates. The Fund had, in theory, strict rules regarding how much to lend and when it was to be repaid. In reality, however, the Fund had discretion to waive any normal limitations. In 1961 with the advent of the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), the Fund increased its ability to lend through arrangements to borrow from 10 major industrial countries. At the time, these agreements had enabled the IMF to have and additional $6 billion at its disposal. The Gold Standard, in theory, functioned to limit the ability of governments to issue currency at will, hence decreasing the purchasing power of money. It existed before the Bretton Woods agreement, but was suspended for reasons that we will see later. If, for example, the US dollar were defined as equal to 1/20 of an ounce of gold, then the number of dollars that the United States could issue would be constrained by its holdings of gold reserves. Moreover, if the UK defined its currency, the pound sterling, as 5/20 of an ounce of gold, the fixed exchange rate between the US and the UK, quite obviously would be $5 USD=?1 sterling. One specific problem with specie standards (that is a currency convertible into a standardised unit of a non-monetary commodity) is that the value of money is only as valuable as the specie backing it. When worldwide gold production was low in the 1870's and 1880's, the money supply grew slowly, leading to a general deflation. This situation changed radically in the 1890's following the discovery of gold in Alaska and in South Africa. The result was rapid money growth and inflation up until the outbreak of World War I. Furthermore, linking currencies to gold did not totally restrain governments from manipulating the value of their currencies. First, in order to finance expenditures by